Indian Head Cent (1859-1909)

The Indian Head Cent, struck 1859 to 1909, is a small copper-based coin that shows Liberty wearing a Native American headdress.
Indian Head Cent (1859-1909)

Obverse (Front) Design

A left-facing head of Liberty wearing a feathered headdress inscribed LIBERTY, with UNITED STATES OF AMERICA around.
Indian Head Cent (1859-1909)

Reverse (Back) Design

A wreath around the words ONE CENT. The 1859 coins have a laurel wreath, and from 1860 an oak wreath with a shield at the top.

Coin Specifications

Date Range

1859–1909

Denomination

1 Cent

Designer / Engraver

James B. Longacre

Mints

Philadelphia, San Francisco (1908–1909)

Composition

1859–1864: 88% copper, 12% nickel. 1864–1909: bronze (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc)

Precious Metal Content

—

Weight

4.67 g (1859–1864); 3.11 g (1864–1909)

Diameter

19 mm

Edge

Plain

Mintage

—

History & Background

The Indian Head Cent replaced the Flying Eagle cent in 1859. It was designed by James B. Longacre and shows an allegory of Liberty wearing a Native American headdress.

The first coins were made from a copper-nickel alloy and were heavier. In 1864 the Mint changed the cent to a lighter bronze alloy. The Indian Head Cent was struck until 1909, with the San Francisco mint making coins in 1908 and 1909.

The 1877 cent had a very low mintage and is the best-known key date. The 1909-S is another well-known key date.

Collecting Tips

  • The 1877 and 1909-S are key dates; buy certified coins.
  • Look at the feathers in the headdress and the diamonds on the ribbon for sharpness.
  • Bronze cents often tone from red to brown, and color affects value.

Photographs by Grade

Frequently Asked Questions about the Indian Head Cent (1859-1909)

Why do collectors talk about Red and Brown?

Bronze cents change color with age. Red (RD), red-brown (RB) and brown (BN) describe how much original color remains.

What is the key date?

The 1877 is the best known, with a low mintage.

When did the cent change from copper-nickel to bronze?

In 1864.

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